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No, the Cro-Magnon woman was not a sexual object ...
Lucy was she really a woman? What is known about the sexual , family and social life of the prehistoric woman? The point with the paleontologist Claudine Cohen.
Paleontologist and science historian , Claudine Cohen is the author of "Women of origins. Images of women in Western prehistory " , Editions Belin- Herscher , 2006. Interview.
How Lucy lived there more than 3 million years ?
- Nobody really knows how Australopithecus lived , whatever their sex! These are very ancient hominids widely bipeds . According to their teeth, they were vegetarians , feeding on seeds , fruits also , perhaps insects or small animals. They probably used projectiles and broke stones to use the sword. Because of its bipedalism , Lucy had certainly lost the signs of oestrus ( ovulation visible ) . So we can assume she had a permanent sexuality, unlike apes who have periods of rut ( olfactory traces , vulva projecting ... ) inducing fights between males for access to females on the day of the ovulation . We now know that the loss of estrus led to a profound transformation of gender relations . Is this a reason to conclude that Lucy lived with the family, there were couples? This is another story ... But if you believe Darwin, it may be that very ancient times, it is the woman who chose partners , and not the reverse !
You write in "Woman of the origins " Lucy perhaps will one day be renamed Lucien . Simple joke?
- It is not improbable. Lucy was put forward as a kind of female icon , at a time when feminists fought to improve the image of women and their struggle ancraient into the Paleolithic . Until then, this was the man who was the glory of the prehistoric research. And now in 1974 , a Franco- American team ( co-led by Donald Johanson and Yves Coppens ) falls on this exceptional skeleton of an ancient hominid, but into small pieces. The evening of his discovery , he was baptized Lucy (mainly in reference to the Beatles song ) .
To a woman's new heroine of prehistory, it was a revolution?
- Yes , and what a stunt ! However, its skeleton scattered in hundreds of bone fragments , was hardly be readable at first glance ! Two criteria are essential to recognize sex. The first is the slenderness . And Lucy , adult skeleton, measuring 105 cm. Is she a woman? We do not have much basis for comparison , and until today, the sexual dimorphism of this species is discussed . The second criterion is the structure of the basin , that of a woman who has given birth shall keep enough to let the head of the child . But in Lucy was a skull less than 500 cm3 ... This criterion is not very relevant. And can be stored doubt on her sex.
When hunting grows, being male or female exchange still gives ?
- Big game hunting ( mammoth , bison ... ) develops later, from the Upper Palaeolithic ( - 35,000 ) . But at the time when men began to eat meat , there are about 1.5 million years , it is not said that hunting has played the key role we give it. This was demonstrated American archaeologist Lewis Binford in the 60s , before feminists seized on the topic . By studying some sites dismembering or very old butcher, he deduced that Homo habilis was a scavenger or ergaster ( he eats dead animals already killed) before being a hunter! This thesis is far from wacky and can bring women back to the front of the stage. Exit the heroic and brave hunter! All individuals in a group , men, women, teens can participate in the butchering and gathering !
The model human hunter would an ideology among others?
- This is a model that was developed in the 50s, after the war , and wanted instead to wring the neck of ideologies , including racist past . Some American anthropologists, as Sherwood Washburn , focused on hunting as a model of human evolution . Hunting responds very well to this: it allows the manufacture of tools , it induces a division of labor between hunters , develops cunning, selflessness, endurance racing , reveals social skills , physical, intellectual . Better still, the man who brings the game can thus grant sexual favors of women remained in the cave. It is a model that works well.
The problem is that one who acts, who becomes intelligent, who goes into the distance ... it is man alone! It was the best part . Women, it is completely dropped, totally passive , with a multitude of brats attached to her breasts . It is not far from the clichés prehistorians 19th century. Moreover, this Manichean vision provoke angry reactions among American feminists who then seek to build a completely inverse model : the hunter is set aside , women dominate the group , raise children , provide for food, s ' interested in plants ... a model deserves another , especially when the evidence is scarce. But the feminists of the 70s was quickly spread to other buildings deemed more "reasonable" .
Cro -Magnon is the archetype of prehistoric man , manly , hunter, artist ... A Myth?
- Cro- Magnon is the Upper Paleolithic man . His skeleton was discovered in 1868 at a time when prehistoric science strays , not without difficulty, the biblical narrative . But it also conveys the prejudices of the bourgeois and patriarchal society of the 19th century. Cro- Manon is the man with a big H , which comes from the East there are some 40,000 years old, but still nomadic settled in some places of inactivity and has a thriving business : painting , sculpture, picking . He lives in a structured society , with rules . It is he who triumphs over Neanderthals . It is the modern man very large, robust. The Cro-Magnon woman , she is totally obscured . But the Cro -Magnon burial served not only the famous " old man ", but also to four other people, including a woman. The man became famous , his companion remained in the shadows. And fantasies are going well ...
Just next to this archetype of virility, sapiens woman she was not a sex object?
- The image of Cro- Magnon dragging his wife by the hair to tumble to the bottom of the cave does not hold water. Those who forged this image in the 19th century may have taken some Australian ethnographic examples eternally rehashed ... They also evoked the practice of exogamy , which is for men to remove a clan to go , sometimes violently , women outside the group . But the men who painted Lascaux and Chauvet caves belonged to structured social groups , with rules , rituals , techniques and refined artistic productions . It is unlikely that they spent their time savagely raped their women ... Prehistoric art in its erotic dimension , with painted or carved into the rock or statuettes opulent forms vulvas probably contributed to these fantasies . Especially in a Victorian society where sex was taboo.
His place was so close to the fire , taking care of children - Nothing is less certain! The cult of fertility misbehaves road in a society of hunter- gatherers . This is what we have seen in the current similar groups having many children is incompatible with the nomadic and it is vital to control as much as possible births . It was only later , with the settlement and agriculture, the need to have many children arises. But suppose the woman remains cloistered in his shelter near the fire . Was passive so far ? Soil habitat was discovered remains small tools stone . Why women are in they would not be served ? Why would they not been able to make (the force is not essential for stone cutting ) ? Nothing prevents either of having an artistic activity. At the moment , a whole controversy develops around any traces of hands - women ! - Near caves .
Division of labor , manufacturing tools , and perhaps even artistic activities ... the Cro-Magnon woman is not that we believe ?
- The prehistoric science has evolved . American feminists , who had seized the prehistory in an ideological goal, put a lot of water in their wine. But denouncing Androcentrism , they paved the way for further research . Today a number of archaeologists seeking to track the woman on archaeological sites. To find the woman , and understand its role, it must first get it!
Interview by Corinne Bouchouchi
Paleontologist and science historian , Claudine Cohen is the author of "Women of origins. Images of women in Western prehistory " , Editions Belin- Herscher , 2006. Interview.
How Lucy lived there more than 3 million years ?
- Nobody really knows how Australopithecus lived , whatever their sex! These are very ancient hominids widely bipeds . According to their teeth, they were vegetarians , feeding on seeds , fruits also , perhaps insects or small animals. They probably used projectiles and broke stones to use the sword. Because of its bipedalism , Lucy had certainly lost the signs of oestrus ( ovulation visible ) . So we can assume she had a permanent sexuality, unlike apes who have periods of rut ( olfactory traces , vulva projecting ... ) inducing fights between males for access to females on the day of the ovulation . We now know that the loss of estrus led to a profound transformation of gender relations . Is this a reason to conclude that Lucy lived with the family, there were couples? This is another story ... But if you believe Darwin, it may be that very ancient times, it is the woman who chose partners , and not the reverse !
You write in "Woman of the origins " Lucy perhaps will one day be renamed Lucien . Simple joke?
- It is not improbable. Lucy was put forward as a kind of female icon , at a time when feminists fought to improve the image of women and their struggle ancraient into the Paleolithic . Until then, this was the man who was the glory of the prehistoric research. And now in 1974 , a Franco- American team ( co-led by Donald Johanson and Yves Coppens ) falls on this exceptional skeleton of an ancient hominid, but into small pieces. The evening of his discovery , he was baptized Lucy (mainly in reference to the Beatles song ) .
To a woman's new heroine of prehistory, it was a revolution?
- Yes , and what a stunt ! However, its skeleton scattered in hundreds of bone fragments , was hardly be readable at first glance ! Two criteria are essential to recognize sex. The first is the slenderness . And Lucy , adult skeleton, measuring 105 cm. Is she a woman? We do not have much basis for comparison , and until today, the sexual dimorphism of this species is discussed . The second criterion is the structure of the basin , that of a woman who has given birth shall keep enough to let the head of the child . But in Lucy was a skull less than 500 cm3 ... This criterion is not very relevant. And can be stored doubt on her sex.
When hunting grows, being male or female exchange still gives ?
- Big game hunting ( mammoth , bison ... ) develops later, from the Upper Palaeolithic ( - 35,000 ) . But at the time when men began to eat meat , there are about 1.5 million years , it is not said that hunting has played the key role we give it. This was demonstrated American archaeologist Lewis Binford in the 60s , before feminists seized on the topic . By studying some sites dismembering or very old butcher, he deduced that Homo habilis was a scavenger or ergaster ( he eats dead animals already killed) before being a hunter! This thesis is far from wacky and can bring women back to the front of the stage. Exit the heroic and brave hunter! All individuals in a group , men, women, teens can participate in the butchering and gathering !
The model human hunter would an ideology among others?
- This is a model that was developed in the 50s, after the war , and wanted instead to wring the neck of ideologies , including racist past . Some American anthropologists, as Sherwood Washburn , focused on hunting as a model of human evolution . Hunting responds very well to this: it allows the manufacture of tools , it induces a division of labor between hunters , develops cunning, selflessness, endurance racing , reveals social skills , physical, intellectual . Better still, the man who brings the game can thus grant sexual favors of women remained in the cave. It is a model that works well.
The problem is that one who acts, who becomes intelligent, who goes into the distance ... it is man alone! It was the best part . Women, it is completely dropped, totally passive , with a multitude of brats attached to her breasts . It is not far from the clichés prehistorians 19th century. Moreover, this Manichean vision provoke angry reactions among American feminists who then seek to build a completely inverse model : the hunter is set aside , women dominate the group , raise children , provide for food, s ' interested in plants ... a model deserves another , especially when the evidence is scarce. But the feminists of the 70s was quickly spread to other buildings deemed more "reasonable" .
Cro -Magnon is the archetype of prehistoric man , manly , hunter, artist ... A Myth?
- Cro- Magnon is the Upper Paleolithic man . His skeleton was discovered in 1868 at a time when prehistoric science strays , not without difficulty, the biblical narrative . But it also conveys the prejudices of the bourgeois and patriarchal society of the 19th century. Cro- Manon is the man with a big H , which comes from the East there are some 40,000 years old, but still nomadic settled in some places of inactivity and has a thriving business : painting , sculpture, picking . He lives in a structured society , with rules . It is he who triumphs over Neanderthals . It is the modern man very large, robust. The Cro-Magnon woman , she is totally obscured . But the Cro -Magnon burial served not only the famous " old man ", but also to four other people, including a woman. The man became famous , his companion remained in the shadows. And fantasies are going well ...
Just next to this archetype of virility, sapiens woman she was not a sex object?
- The image of Cro- Magnon dragging his wife by the hair to tumble to the bottom of the cave does not hold water. Those who forged this image in the 19th century may have taken some Australian ethnographic examples eternally rehashed ... They also evoked the practice of exogamy , which is for men to remove a clan to go , sometimes violently , women outside the group . But the men who painted Lascaux and Chauvet caves belonged to structured social groups , with rules , rituals , techniques and refined artistic productions . It is unlikely that they spent their time savagely raped their women ... Prehistoric art in its erotic dimension , with painted or carved into the rock or statuettes opulent forms vulvas probably contributed to these fantasies . Especially in a Victorian society where sex was taboo.
His place was so close to the fire , taking care of children - Nothing is less certain! The cult of fertility misbehaves road in a society of hunter- gatherers . This is what we have seen in the current similar groups having many children is incompatible with the nomadic and it is vital to control as much as possible births . It was only later , with the settlement and agriculture, the need to have many children arises. But suppose the woman remains cloistered in his shelter near the fire . Was passive so far ? Soil habitat was discovered remains small tools stone . Why women are in they would not be served ? Why would they not been able to make (the force is not essential for stone cutting ) ? Nothing prevents either of having an artistic activity. At the moment , a whole controversy develops around any traces of hands - women ! - Near caves .
Division of labor , manufacturing tools , and perhaps even artistic activities ... the Cro-Magnon woman is not that we believe ?
- The prehistoric science has evolved . American feminists , who had seized the prehistory in an ideological goal, put a lot of water in their wine. But denouncing Androcentrism , they paved the way for further research . Today a number of archaeologists seeking to track the woman on archaeological sites. To find the woman , and understand its role, it must first get it!
Interview by Corinne Bouchouchi
Non, la femme de Cro-Magnon n'était pas qu'un objet sexuel...
Lucy était-elle vraiment une femme ? Que sait-on de la vie sexuelle, familiale et sociale de la femme préhistorique ? Le point avec la paléontologue Claudine Cohen.
Paléontologue et historienne des sciences, Claudine Cohen est l'auteur de "La femme des origines. Images de la femme dans la préhistoire occidentale", Editions Belin-Herscher, 2006. Interview.
Comment vivait Lucy il y a plus de 3 millions d’années ?
- Personne ne sait vraiment comment vivaient les Australopithèques, quelque soit leur sexe ! Ce sont des hominidés très anciens, largement bipèdes. D’après leurs dents, ils étaient végétariens, se nourrissant de graines, de fruits, peut-être aussi d’insectes ou de petits animaux. Ils se servaient probablement de projectiles et cassaient des cailloux pour se servir du tranchant. Du fait de sa bipédie, Lucy avait certainement perdu les signes de l'œstrus (l’ovulation visible). On peut donc supposer qu'elle avait une sexualité permanente, à la différence des grands primates qui ont des périodes de rut (traces olfactives, vulve saillante...) induisant des combats entre mâles pour accéder à la femelle le jour même de l’ovulation. On sait aujourd'hui que la perte de l'œstrus conduit à une transformation profonde des rapports entre les sexes. Est-ce une raison pour en déduire que Lucy vivait en famille, qu’il y avait des couples ? C'est une autre histoire... Mais si on croit Darwin, il se peut qu'en des périodes très anciennes, ce soit la femme qui choisissait ses partenaires, et, non l'inverse !
Vous écrivez dans "La femme des origines" que Lucy devra peut-être un jour être rebaptisée Lucien. Simple boutade ?
- Ce n'est pas improbable. Lucy a été mise en avant comme une sorte d’icône féminine, à un moment où les féministes se battaient pour redorer l'image de la femme et ancraient leur combat jusque dans le paléolithique. Jusque-là, c’était l’homme qui faisait la gloire de la recherche préhistorique. Et voilà qu'en 1974, une équipe franco-américaine (codirigée par Donald Johanson et Yves Coppens) tombe sur ce squelette exceptionnel d'un hominidé très ancien, mais en petits morceaux. Le soir même de sa découverte, il est baptisé Lucy (essentiellement en référence à la chanson des Beatles).
Faire d'une femme la nouvelle héroïne de la préhistoire, c'était une révolution ?
- Oui, et quel coup médiatique ! Or, son squelette éparpillé en centaines de fragments d'os, devait difficilement être déchiffrable au premier regard ! Deux critères sont essentiels pour reconnaître le sexe. Le premier est la gracilité. Et Lucy, squelette adulte, mesure 105 cm. Est-elle une femme pour autant ? Nous n'avons pas beaucoup d'éléments de comparaison, et jusqu'à aujourd'hui, le dimorphisme sexuel de cette espèce reste discuté. Le second critère tient à la structure du bassin : celui d’une femme qui a déjà enfanté doit s’écarter suffisamment pour laisser passer la tête de l'enfant. Mais chez Lucy, on a un crâne de moins de 500 cm3… Ce critère n’est donc pas très pertinent. Et l'on peut conserver un doute sur son sexe.
Lorsque la chasse se développe, le fait d’être homme ou femme change tout de même la donne ?
- La grande chasse (au mammouth, au bison...) se développe tardivement, à partir du paléolithique supérieur (- 35 000). Mais à l’époque où les hommes ont commencé à manger de la viande, il y a environ 1,5 millions d’années, il n’est pas dit que la chasse ait joué le rôle essentiel qu’on lui accorde. C’est ce qu’a démontré l’archéologue américain Lewis Binford dans les années 60, avant même que les féministes ne s’emparent du sujet. En étudiant certains sites de dépeçage ou de boucherie très anciens, il en a déduit que l’homo habilis ou ergaster était un charognard (il mange les carcasses d’animaux déjà tués) avant d’être un chasseur ! Cette thèse est loin d’être farfelue et permet de ramener les femmes sur le devant de la scène. Exit l’héroïque et valeureux chasseur ! Tous les individus d'un groupe, hommes, femmes, adolescents, peuvent participer au dépeçage et à la cueillette !
Le modèle de l’homme chasseur ne serait qu’une idéologie parmi d'autres ?
- C’est un modèle qui s’est développé dans les années 50, au lendemain de la guerre, et voulait au contraire tordre le cou aux idéologies, notamment racistes, du passé. Certains anthropologues américains, comme Sherwood Washburn, se sont penchés sur la chasse comme modèle de l’hominisation. La chasse répond très bien à cela : elle permet la fabrication des outils, elle induit une répartition des tâches entre les chasseurs, développe la ruse, l’altruisme, l’endurance à la course, révèle des qualités sociales, physiques, intellectuelles. Mieux, l’homme qui ramène le gibier peut s’octroyer ainsi les faveurs sexuelles de la femme restée dans la caverne. C'est un modèle qui fonctionne bien.
Le hic c'est que celui qui agit, qui devient intelligent, qui part vers le lointain... c'est l'homme seul ! Il a le beau rôle. La femme, elle, est complètement larguée, totalement passive, avec une multitude de marmots attachés à ses mamelles. On n’est pas loin des clichés véhiculés par les préhistoriens du 19e siècle. D'ailleurs, cette vision manichéenne provoquera des réactions virulentes chez les féministes américaines qui s'attacheront alors à bâtir un modèle totalement inverse : le chasseur est mis de côté, les femmes dominent le groupe, élèvent les enfants, pourvoient à la nourriture, s'intéressent aux plantes … Un modèle en vaut un autre, surtout lorsque les preuves sont rares. Mais celui des féministes des années 70 fut rapidement écarté au profit d'autres constructions jugées plus "raisonnables".
L'homme de Cro-Magnon est l'archétype de l'homme préhistorique, viril, chasseur, artiste... Un mythe ?
- Cro-Magnon, c’est l’homme du paléolithique supérieur. Son squelette est découvert en 1868, à un moment où la science préhistorique tente de s'écarter, non sans difficulté, du récit biblique. Mais il véhicule aussi les préjugés propres à la société bourgeoise et patriarcale du 19e siècle. Cro-Manon, c'est l'homme avec un grand H, qui arrive de l'Est il y a quelque 40.000 ans, reste nomade mais s'installe dans certains lieux de sédentarité et a une activité florissante: peinture, sculpture, cueillette. Il vit dans une société structurée, avec des règles. C'est lui qui triomphe sur Neandertal. C'est l'homme moderne, très grand, robuste. La femme de Cro-Magnon, elle, est totalement occultée. Or l'abri de Cro-Magnon servait de sépulture non seulement au fameux "vieillard", mais aussi à quatre autres individus, dont une femme. L'homme est devenu célèbre, sa compagne est restée dans l'ombre. Et les fantasmes vont bon train...
Justement, à côté de cet archétype de virilité, la femme sapiens n'était-elle qu'un objet sexuel ?
- L'image de Cro-Magnon traînant sa femme par les cheveux pour la culbuter au fond de la caverne ne tient pas la route. Ceux qui ont forgé cette image au 19e siècle ont sans doute repris quelques exemples ethnographiques australiens éternellement ressassés... Ils évoquaient aussi les pratiques de l'exogamie, qui consiste pour les hommes d'un clan à aller enlever, parfois violemment, des femmes à l'extérieur du groupe. Mais les hommes qui ont peint les grottes Chauvet et Lascaux appartenaient à des groupes sociaux structurés, avec des règles, des rituels, des productions techniques et artistiques raffinées. Il est peu probable qu'ils passaient leur temps à violer sauvagement leurs femmes... L'art préhistorique, dans sa dimension érotique, avec les vulves peintes ou taillées dans la roche ou les statuettes aux formes opulentes a probablement contribué à alimenter ces fantasmes. Notamment dans une société victorienne où la sexualité était taboue.
Sa place était donc près du feu, à s'occuper des enfants ?- Rien n'est moins sûr ! Le culte de la fécondité tient mal la route dans une société de chasseurs-cueilleurs nomades. C'est ce qu'on a pu constater dans les groupes similaires actuels : avoir beaucoup d'enfants est incompatible avec le nomadisme et il est vital de contrôler autant que possible les naissances. C'est plus tard, avec la sédentarisation et l'agriculture, que la nécessité d'avoir beaucoup d'enfants se fait sentir. Mais admettons que la femme reste cloitrée dans son abri, près du feu. Était-elle passive pour autant ? Sur les sols des habitats, on a découvert des restes de petits outillages de pierre. Pourquoi les femmes ne s'en seraient-elles pas servis ? Pourquoi n'auraient-elles pas pu les fabriquer (la force n'est pas essentielle pour tailler la pierre) ? Rien ne les empêche non plus d'avoir eu une activité artistique. En ce moment, toute une polémique se développe autour d'éventuelles traces de mains - féminines ! - près des grottes ornées.
Partage des tâches, fabrication d'outils, et peut-être même activités artistiques … la femme de Cro-Magnon n'est pas celle qu'on croit ?
- La science préhistorique a beaucoup évolué. Les féministes américaines, qui s'étaient emparées de la préhistoire dans un but idéologique, ont mis beaucoup d'eau dans leur vin. Mais en dénonçant l'androcentrisme, elles ont ouvert la voie à de nouvelles recherches. Aujourd'hui un certain nombre d'archéologues cherchent à pister la femme sur les sites archéologiques. Pour trouver la femme, et comprendre son rôle, il faut d'abord la chercher !
Propos recueillis par Corinne Bouchouchi
MALI. Of AQIM killed by French forces fighters
Ten AQIM fighters were killed in the night from Tuesday to Wednesday by fighters and French helicopters.
Ten AQIM fighters were killed in the night from Tuesday to Wednesday combat aircraft and helicopters in the French Valley Amettetaï in north-eastern Mali, said Thursday, 6 March the Minister of Defence, Jean-Yves Le Drian.
The group was spotted by Reaper drones recently acquired by France, the minister said a few journalists, confirming a report in "Le Figaro". "These are the drones that the French army was now in place have identified these groups are manipulating rockets, which resulted in a coordinated action with hunting and Reaper" has he said.
Nouvel Obs
Ten AQIM fighters were killed in the night from Tuesday to Wednesday combat aircraft and helicopters in the French Valley Amettetaï in north-eastern Mali, said Thursday, 6 March the Minister of Defence, Jean-Yves Le Drian.
The group was spotted by Reaper drones recently acquired by France, the minister said a few journalists, confirming a report in "Le Figaro". "These are the drones that the French army was now in place have identified these groups are manipulating rockets, which resulted in a coordinated action with hunting and Reaper" has he said.
Nouvel Obs
MALI. Des combattants d'Aqmi tués par les forces françaises
Une dizaine de combattants d'Aqmi ont été tués dans la nuit de mardi à mercredi par des avions de combat et des hélicoptères français.
Une dizaine de combattants d'Aqmi ont été tués dans la nuit de mardi à mercredi par des avions de combat et des hélicoptères français dans la vallée de l'Amettetaï, dans le nord-est du Mali, a indiqué jeudi 6 mars le ministre de la Défense,Jean-Yves Le Drian.
Le groupe avait été repéré par les drones Reaper acquis récemment par la France, a précisé le ministre à quelques journalistes, confirmant une information du "Figaro". "Ce sont les drones que l'armée française a désormais sur place qui ont permis d'identifier ces groupes en train de manipuler des roquettes, ce qui a permis une action coordonnée avec de la chasse et des Reaper", a-t-il dit.
Nouvel Obs
Review final electoral code - Solving parties and coalitions of parties not affiliated
Plenary Pole Political parties and coalitions of parties Not Affiliates , meeting this Thursday, March 6, 2014 at the headquarters of the URD , chaired by the Coordinator Ibrahima DIONGUE has evaluated its participation in the work of the Technical Committee responsible for the review of the Electoral Code ( CTRCE ) .
Based on the provisions of the Constitution and the General Code of Local Government ;
Considering the provisions of the Additional Protocol of ECOWAS on democracy and good governance;
Convinced that the consensus will inevitably actors to contribute to the consolidation of democracy system ;
Considering the need , the requirement and the extreme urgency to finalize the revision of the electoral code to departmental and municipal elections of 29 June 2014 ;
Considering the final resolution adopted at its meeting on Wednesday, February 26, 2014 ;
Aware of the role and involvement of its Experts mandated in the CTRCE ;
Reiterates its concessions and positions contained in its resolution referred to above , read the CTRCE and are as follows :
· The county councilors are elected for 40% voting majority list system and 60% by proportional representation .
· Councillors are elected for common half ballot majority list system and the other half by proportional representation .
· The municipal city councilors are elected by proportional representation for half of the city and the other half is made up of councilors common constituent .
· A lack of acceptance of the final concession , the center reserves the right to seek arbitration of the President of the Republic on the basis of its initial proposal for the municipality , the city and the department , namely a mixed system with a uniform key distribution (40% of seats for the majority and 60% of seats for proportional representation ) .
Wishes , in the last phase of the review of the electoral code, the work is curly and finalized with the maximum points of agreement ;
Hope the Decentralization Act III which produced a new General Code of Local Government also leads to the adoption of a new electoral code Consensual that integrates fundamental changes in the electoral system ;
Congratulates all Experts Pole , especially Ndiaga Sylla Coordinator , for their foresight , their dedication and their commitment to serve the people in need .
Reaffirms its commitment to contribute to the establishment of an efficient and credible electoral system for elections fair, transparent and peaceful to preserve the image of our country.
Plenary Pole of Political Parties
Parties and coalitions No Affiliates
Revue du Code électoral-La résolution finale des Partis et Coalitions de Partis Non affiliés
La Plénière du Pôle des Partis politiques et Coalitions de partis Non
Affiliés, réunie ce jeudi 06 mars 2014 au siège de l’URD, sous la présidence du
Coordonnateur Ibrahima DIONGUE, a procédé à l’évaluation de sa participation
aux travaux de la Commission Technique chargée de la Revue du Code Electoral
(CTRCE).
Se fondant sur les dispositions de la Constitution et du Code Général des
Collectivités locales ;
Considérant les dispositions du Protocole Additionnel de la CEDEAO sur la
démocratie et la bonne gouvernance ;
Persuadé que la recherche de consensus permettra inévitablement aux acteurs de
contribuer à la consolidation du système démocratie ;
Considérant la nécessité, l’obligation et l’extrême urgence de finaliser la
révision du code électoral en vue des élections départementales et municipales du
29 juin 2014;
Considérant la résolution finale adoptée en sa séance du mercredi 26 février
2014 ;
Conscient du rôle et de l’implication de ses Experts mandatés au sein de la
CTRCE ;
Réitère ses concessions et positions contenues dans sa résolution sus visée, lue
à la CTRCE et qui se déclinent comme suit:
·
Les conseillers départementaux sont élus pour 40% au scrutin de liste majoritaire à un tour et pour 60% au scrutin proportionnel.
·
Les conseillers municipaux de commune sont élus pour moitié au scrutin de liste
majoritaire à un tour et pour l’autre moitié au scrutin proportionnel.
·
Les conseillers municipaux de la ville sont élus pour moitié au scrutin
proportionnel de la ville et pour l’autre moitié est composée de conseillers
des communes constitutives.
·
A défaut de l’acceptation de cette ultime concession, le Pôle se réserve
le droit de solliciter l’arbitrage
de Monsieur le Président de la République sur la base de sa proposition
initiale pour la commune, la ville et le département, à savoir un scrutin mixte avec une clé de répartition uniforme (40% des sièges pour le scrutin
majoritaire et 60% des sièges pour le scrutin proportionnel).
Souhaite, en dernière phase de la revue du code électoral, que les travaux soient
bouclés et finalisés avec le maximum de points d’accord ;
Espère que l’Acte III de la Décentralisation qui a produit un nouveau Code Général
des Collectivités Locales débouche également sur l’adoption d’un NOUVEAU Code Electoral Consensuel qui intègre les changements fondamentaux
sur le système électoral ;
Félicite l’ensemble des Experts du Pôle, en particulier le Coordonnateur Ndiaga
SYLLA, pour leur clairvoyance, leur abnégation et leur engagement à servir le
peuple dans le devoir.
Réaffirme sa volonté de contribuer à l’instauration d’un système électoral performant
et crédible pour la tenue d’élections régulières, transparentes et apaisées
pour la préservation de l’image de notre pays.
La Plénière du Pôle des Partis politiques
et coalitions de Partis Non Affiliés
Reubeuss-Detainees suspend their hunger strike
The inmates of the house off and Correction (MAC) Reubeus in Dakar suspended, Thursday, March 6, 2014, their hunger strike begun in recent days. Information that according to Rfm was confirmed by the communications officer of the prison administration, Saliou Ndiaye. These prisoners denounced their conditions of detention but also the lengthy pretrial detentions in prisons.
Reubeuss-Les détenus suspendent leur grève de la faim
,Les détenus de la Maison d’Arrêt et de Correction (MAC) de Reubeus à Dakar ont suspendu, ce jeudi 06 mars 2014, leur grève de la faim entamée depuis quelques jours. Une information qui selon la Rfm a été confirmée par le chargé de communication de l’administration pénitentiaire, Saliou Ndiaye. Ces détenus dénonçaient leurs conditions de détention mais aussi les longues détentions préventives dans les prisons.
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